The Mandailing are a people of the west coast of North Sumatra, Indonesia. Throughout the 19th century, they were embroiled in several civil wars, at first in Sumatra and then in peninsular Malaysia, to which they migrated in large groups. The clan-based society has an indigenous tradition of democratic and egalitarian governance. Their habitat ranges from well-irrigated highlands to marshy lowlands. Their productive economy is based on padi, rubber, cinnamon, coffee and gold mining. They are well known for their literature and music of the Nine Great Drums.

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